@Article{CostaShin:2012:OuLoRa,
               author = "Costa, Simone Marilene Sievert da and Shine, Keith P.",
          affiliation = "{Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and Department 
                         of Meteorology, University of Reading",
                title = "Outgoing Longwave Radiation due to Directly-Transmitted Surface 
                         Emission",
              journal = "Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences",
                 year = "2012",
               volume = "69",
                pages = "1865--1870",
                month = "June",
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             keywords = "outgoing longwave radiation (OLR), surface transmitted irradiance 
                         (STI).",
             abstract = "A frequently used diagram summarizing the annual- and global-mean 
                         energy budget of the earth and atmosphere indicates that the 
                         irradiance reaching the top of the atmosphere from the surface, 
                         through the midinfrared atmospheric window, is 40 W m-2; this can 
                         be compared to the total outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) of 
                         about 235 W m-2. The value of 40 W m-2 was estimated in an ad hoc 
                         manner. A more detailed calculation of this component, termed here 
                         the surface transmitted irradiance (STI), is presented, using a 
                         line-by-line radiation code and 3D climatologies of temperature, 
                         humidity, cloudiness, etc. No assumption is made as to the 
                         wavelengths at which radiation from the surface can reach the top 
                         of the atmosphere. The role of the water vapor continuum is 
                         highlighted. In clear skies, if the continuum is excluded, the 
                         global- and annual-mean STI is calculated to be about 100 W m-2 
                         with a broad maximum throughout the tropics and subtropics. When 
                         the continuum is included, the clear-sky STI is reduced to 66 W 
                         m-2, with a distinctly different geographic distribution, with a 
                         minimum in the tropics and local peaks over subtropical deserts. 
                         The inclusion of clouds reduces the STI to about 22 W m-2. The 
                         actual value is likely somewhat smaller due to processes neglected 
                         here, and an STI value of 20 W m-2 (with an estimated uncertainty 
                         of about ±20%) is suggested to be much more realistic than the 
                         previous estimate of 40 W m-2. This indicates that less than 
                         one-tenth of the OLR originates directly from the surface.",
                  doi = "10.1175/JAS-D-11-0248.1",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-11-0248.1",
                 issn = "0022-4928",
                label = "lattes: 2921337850760630 1 CostaShin:2012:OuLoRa",
             language = "en",
        urlaccessdate = "30 abr. 2024"
}